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Annona (goddess)
In ancient Roman religion, Annona (Latin annōna “corn, grain; means of subsistence”, from annus "year") is the divine personification of the grain supply to the city of Rome. She is closely connected to the goddess Ceres, with whom she is often depicted in art.
Annona, often as Annona Augusti, was a creation of Imperial religious propaganda, manifested in iconography and cult practice. She is presented as a theophany of the emperor's power to care for his people through the provision of grain.〔J. Rufus Fears, "The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology," ''Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt'' II.17.2 (1981), pp. 895, 915.〕 Annona thus lacked narrative mythology or a tradition of devotion in the Roman Republic, but once established as part of Imperial cult, she was the recipient of dedications and votive offerings from private individuals motivated by gratitude or the seeking of favor.〔Fears, ''The Cult of Virtues'', p. 936.〕
==Imperial cult==
In the propaganda of Claudius, the cult of ''Ceres Augusta'' made explicit the divine power that lay in the Imperial provision of the ''annona'', the grain supply to the city.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 894.〕 Annona Augusti appears on coins late in the reign of Nero, when the Cult of Virtues came into prominence in the wake of the Pisonian conspiracy. She embodied two of the material benefits of Imperial rule, along with Securitas Augusti, "Augustan Security," and often appeared as part of a pair with Ceres.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 895.〕 On Neronian coinage, Ceres, Annona, and Abundantia ("Abundance") were closely associated.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 897.〕
Annona also appears on coins issued under Vespasian, where along with other Virtues she represents the restoration of confidence in the principate, and on the coinage of Titus, Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Septimius Severus.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," pp. 900–904.〕 She was a particular favorite in Trajan's propaganda, which sought to portray his reign as a renewal and a prosperous new era for mankind; hence Annona often appears with a symbolic child.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," pp. 913–915, 922.〕 In the context of Trajanic politics, Annona represented Rome's grain independence from its traditional supplier Egypt.〔Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," pp. 923.〕
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